Position Fixing: The Most Important Element of Passage Planning

Written by Capt Rajeev Jassal on May 6, 2017

Heavy traffic, extra Look out posted, hours of darkness. Suddenly the GPS is gone !!! Ever experienced this ?

Believe me when it happens, you start doubting each and every equipment. Even the ones which may be working fine at that moment.

Is the gyro giving correct heading ? Is the echo sounder showing correct depth ? You will doubt everything !!! That’s not good.

You will loose the sense of direction. And you would have tiny amount of time to regain the sense and act in a way that is right.

The entire navigation depends upon knowing the position of the ship. This is one of the most important task of a navigator.

But when I say position, I do not only mean GPS position. There are many other ways of plotting the ship’s position. And as with the situation of GPS failing, we must be ready to switch to other methods of position fixing.

Before we proceed with discussing these methods, I must discuss a term which is so much a part of passage planning. The term is “position Fixing Interval”.

Position Fixing Interval

“Position fixing interval” is the maximum interval between two position fixes. So if in a particular section of the passage, we have agreed to the PFI of 01 hour, we must plot the ship’s position at least every hour.

But how do we decide the position fixing interval ?

For that just think why do we need to plot the position ? We plot position to be sure that we are on our track and not drifting towards a danger.

With that logic in mind, let us take an example.

I plot a position at 0800 Hrs. The agreed position fixing interval is 30 minutes. Now just after 0800 Hrs, the vessel starts to draft directly towards a danger.

I will only come to know about that at 0830 Hrs when I plot the next position of the ship. If at 0830 Hrs, vessel is at the danger then the PFI was set too high.Because before we could know that we are running into danger, we already were at the danger.

So even if vessel deviates from its course, the interval between two consecutive position fixes should be such that allows time to take the course corrective action.

Method of position Fixes

There are many methods by which we can get a fix of the ship’s position. Some of which are

Celestial fix by using sextant
Visual fix
Radar Fix
GPS
Echo sounder
Parallel Indexing

Primary method of position fixing

One of the element of passage planning is to identify the primary and secondary method of position fixing at each leg of the passage.

There should always be at least two method of position fixing.

Now at open sea, the primary method is GPS and secondary method would be “celestial fix”.

If there is a radar conspicuous object, the primary method of position fixing becomes the “radar fix”. Secondary in this case would be GPS.

Now if that object is also visible, primary method becomes the “Visual fix”. In this case secondary method will be “Radar fix”.

The idea is that Visual fix gets the highest priority followed by radar fix. And radar fix gets the priority over GPS.

On tankers the vetting inspectors expects that if available visual and/or radar fixes must be plotted at least for the PFI.

For example let us say that the set PFI is 10 Minutes and the agreed position fixing method is Radar and Visual fix. Let us say we plot position at

0900 Hrs: Radar or Visual Fix
0910: Position by GPS
0920: Radar or Visual Fix

This is considered to be wrong and would draw a vetting observation as the radar/visual position is plotted after 20 minutes where as PFI is 10 Minutes.

Celestial Fix using sextant

This method is not so popular during coastal navigation because of few reasons.

One because this method requires some time to know the position because of calculations involved.

Second because there are chances of user induced error (like error in taking the sight). That may not be so nice when ship is navigating in the proximity of dangers during coastal navigation.

But there is a gross misconception about this method among many seafarers. Misconception is that position by celestial observations are not accurate.

Instead, if we can have our hands set perfectly to take accurate sextant altitude, the position obtained by this method are quite accurate.

There are few disadvantages with this method.

Even though this method do not rely on electronic equipments and satellites but it need nature in our favour.

We need clear sky and clear horizon so that we can measure the altitude of the celestial body.

Even when the sky is clear, it is difficult to measure the sextant altitude when ship is rolling.

“How to use sextant to get the ship’s position” is too big a topic to fit in this post and I will write on that in detail on some other day.

Position by GPS fixes

Do I need to say anything about GPS fixes ? Even the supernumaries on board know how to plot GPS position.

This is most over relied method of position fixing. Over relied for a good reason. It is Crisp accurate (most of the time) and quick fix.

On Modern ECDIS, navigators do not need to do anything in plotting the GPS positions. These are plotted automatically at the set interval.

Some ECDIS can even record the ship’s position when it senses change in any parameters like change in course.

For the passage planning we must ensure that PFI is set in the ECDIS, so that GPS positions are marked and recorded automatically in the ECDIS.

To set the PFI in furuno ECDIS, go to DISP -> SET -> and then choose Symbol DISP.

Now go to Tracking. The Position fixing interval can be set under Labels. Once set, the GPS position will be recorded at the mentioned interval.

GPS fixes are accurate, no doubt about that. The only issue with GPS fixes is the Complacency and over-reliance. Over-reliance to the extent that we may find ourself unconfortable if the GPS fails.

Radar Fixes

Position by radar gives quite accurate results and must be used whenever we have radar conspicuous objects.

The advantage with radar fixes is that it just needs one object to get the ship’s position. We can get the range and bearing of this object and plot the same on the chart.

For example let us say we get the bearing of this light as 050 degrees and range as 4.4 NM.

We will draw a line of 050 degrees to this light. We will then measure 4.4 NM on the compass and cut the bearing line with this distance.

In the same way, if you have two objects, you can plot the radar fix by number of combinations of position lines like

bearings of these two objects
bearing of one object and range of other object
range of both objects

As more and more ships are moving to the paperless navigation, we must know how to fix the ship’s position by radar on ECDIS.

So let us fix the ship’s position on Furuno ECDIS.

Let us say for this island, we get a bearing of 010 Degrees and distance 2.5NM from the radar.

On Furuno ECDIS go to Record -> This will open a position event window. Choose LOP and then choose True-bearing + Distance option.

Now click on the point of the island for which the bearing and distance were taken from the radar.

Now enter the bearing and distance in the position event window and then click “Add”.

This will give you your position.

Now if you wish to record this position in the memory of ECDIS, click “Record” in the position event window. The position will be plotted on ECDIS and recorded in the memory.

If we have two bearings (or two range) of two objects, the process of plotting radar fix on ECDIS is same as above. Just instead of “bearing + Distance”, choose “bearing” (or distance) option.

Visual Fixes

Visual fixes are least practiced position fixing method inspite of being accurate. All it requires is a visual target and compass for taking its bearing.

Position by Visual bearing of two objects

If we have two objects that are visible from the ship, the bearing of these two can get us the ship’s position.

For a better accuracy of position by two bearings, the two bearings should neither be too narrow nor too wide. Separation angle close to 45 degrees being the ideal one.

To plot the position by visual bearings of two objects, take the bearings of both the objects simultaneously.

Now draw the bearing of these objects on the charts. The point where these two bearings (position lines) intersect will be the ship’s position.

How to do this on ECDIS ?

The process is same what we did for plotting radar fix on ECDIS.

Position by Running Fix

Even when there is only one object visible for visual bearing, we can still get the position. The method is called “running fix”.

In this method, we take the first bearing of this object before when it is forward of our beam. Let us say we see a light Fl 5s 20m 16M. At 2000 Hrs we take its bearing and it comes out to be 020 degrees.

Plot it on the chart. This is the first position line at 2000 Hrs.

Take the second bearing of same object when it is abaft the beam. Say this time we take the bearing at 2020 and the bearing is 300 Degrees.

Plot it on chart. This is the position line at 2020 Hrs.

Now we have two position lines but both are at different times. We need to bring either of these position lines to the same time as the other one.

How do we do that ?

We know our course made good and speed, plot the this on the chart. Now on this course line cut the distance covered in 20 minutes which is the interval between two position lines. Let us name this point as point A.

Now transfer your first position line to the point A. The point where it cuts the 2nd position line is the ship’s position at 2020 Hrs. This is because now both the position lines are at same time.

To get the position at 2000 Hrs, draw your course made good from the 2020 Hrs position. The point where it cuts the first position line will be the ship’s position at 2000 Hrs.

How to get running fix plotted on ECDIS ? Let us plot this on furuno ECDIS.

We take the first bearing of the fixed object and we plot first position line on ECDIS. To do that from the left menu options go to Record -> Event log -> Posn event.

This will show a pop up called position event.

Mark the first position line of the fixed object that you have taken the visual bearing from and click “add” to add the position line.

Now when you have the 2nd bearing of the same object, mark the 2nd bearing on the ECDIS in the same way. Make sure the option “transfer off” is slected while marking both the bearing.

So we have the two position lines but both are at different times. We need to transfer the 1st position to the present time to get a fix by “running fix” method.

To do that, choose the position line number 1 from the position event pop up (under LOP observations).

Then change the option to “Transfer to latest”.

Once we choose “transfer to latest” option for position line # 1, this position line will be transferred to the latest time. You will also see TPL marked on this position line which denotes “transferred position line”.

The position where it cuts the 2nd position line is the ship’s position.

The position where it cuts the 2nd position line is the ship’s position. To record this position in the history data of ECDIS, just click on “record” option in the “position event” pop up. This will mark the ship’s position on the ECDIS and save it in the history data.

Position by Echo Sounder

I am sure not many discuss this as the position fixing method. Rightly so. We have so many resources and we do not need to rely on echo sounder for position fixing.

But as I said, when the GPS fails we start doubting everything and each equipment. More methods of reassuring us about position can be handy.

Echo sounder cannot be used as a position fixing tool but it can be used to confirm the known position of the ship.

Have a look at this photo. This could be one of the place where we can ascertain our position by echo sounder.

If we see depth of around 40 meters on echo sounder and at the same time we take bearing of the edge of the island that is visible to us. We draw position line from this island.

As there is only one point on this position line where the depth is expected to be around 40 meters, this will be our estimated position.

As I said this is not the position fixing method. But we can use this as a confirmation tool for the position we get from other methods.

Parallel Indexing

We earlier discussed that the interval between two position fixes should be such that between any two fixes, the vessel must be safe.

But this would mean that during arrival into a port, we need to plot our position every 60 seconds.

Many, including some third party inspectors may insist on this but this is crazy. Imagine plotting the radar fixes every two minutes.

Sometimes even the chart would not be of such large scale that can distinguish the two positions plotted at two minutes interval.

I feel PFI of less than 5 minutes is not practical. So how do we ensure ship does not run into danger if PFI need to be less than 5 minutes and we plot the position every 5 minutes ?

The answer is by “parallel indexing”.

We identify a fixed object and draw a line parallel to our course. We then monitor the echo of this object on the radar.

If the echo stays on the line drawn parallel to the course, we are on our course. If the echo deviates from the line, we are off track and we must alter the course to bring the vessel on track.

This is a method which ensures continuous monitoring of the ship’s position.

In the situations where PFI comes out to be less than 5 minutes, we can set the PFI as 5 minutes and then monitor the ship’s position by parallel indexing and plotting the position every 5 minutes.

Parallel indexing is a fantastic tool for monitoring the ship’s position. For this reason, it must be used wherever a radar conspicuous object or landmark is available.

Conclusion

There is one basic requirement that a navigating officer on watch need to fulfil. At all times he must know

Where we are, and
Where they (other targets) are

Sadly most of the groundings happens because we either do not know one of these or both. If we know all the methods of plotting and then confirming our position, we will never miss out where we are.

With now more and more ships going paperless, we must also transform ourself to be able to use these methods on ECDIS.

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About Capt Rajeev Jassal

Capt. Rajeev Jassal has sailed for over 24 years mainly on crude oil, product and chemical tankers. He holds MBA in shipping & Logistics degree from London. He has done extensive research on quantitatively measuring Safety culture onboard and safety climate ashore which he believes is the most important element for safer shipping.

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107 Comments

Sujay

7 years before

Krishna Patel

7 years before

A very good effort sir. Very crisp and simple to understand.

Rajeev Jassal

7 years before

Thank you Krishna..

Marc

6 years before

For what? Flat earth or undependable thousand of satellites that cant give GPS. Flat maths sure help to calculate :)

Kenneth Carl

6 years before

thank you for this sir, how about plotting celestial observation in furuno ECDIS?

V.B.Kripalani

7 years before

An excellent and understable way prsented.You must be in teaching business. Please meet another old teacher.Do keep in touch.

Rajeev Jassal

7 years before

Thank you Sir. No, I am not into teaching. I am just trying to give the salt back to sea..

Raman Kumar jha

7 years before

Dear Sir, very good morning !!! Thanks for easily explain and very useful. Regards, Raman

Rajeev Jassal

7 years before

Glad you found it useful Raman..

Vijay Thapa

7 years before

Sir, Excellent effort ....for made simply understand..Thank you very much, Sir.

Rajeev Jassal

7 years before

Glad you found it useful Vijay...

Ngo Tan Thai Duong

7 years before

Dear sir, I would like to ask you that if you have time, can you write a post about the radar techniques in using to manouever the ship during the coastal navigation. I really like it and as I know the ability of the 2nd mate will be identified through his using radar technique. Thanks in advance.

Rajeev Jassal

7 years before

I will write on this topic in near future...

Peter

6 years before

Many thanks Capt. Rajeev, excellent piece. Allow me a question please. VIQ states that parallel indexing should not be used with floating objects, but what about clearing bearings? I see that many navigators use Clearing Bearings with buoys. Is that acceptable?

Clint

6 years before

Awesome!

siddharth

6 years before

do we need to put pfi intervals on ecdis chart as well as it is being done by the use of gps labels on ecdis? For instance i am getting time label of 10 mins each on my ecdis track and hence i am monitoring my position continuously still do i need to put pfi interval on user map?

Dhairya joshi

6 years before

Sir can we plot radar bearings directly to chart?

PARK JANG KYU

6 years before

Dear Capt. Rajeev Jassal

Kenneth

6 years before

Hi, how do we input celestial observation or position in the ECDIS?

CAPTAIN GILBERT LEE

5 years before

good stuff. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLafMfVypK6pOlSQ8ukxo_MXEb2pWxCDZO

Captain Gilbert Lee

5 years before

good stuff. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLafMfVypK6pOlSQ8ukxo_MXEb2pWxCDZO

TONY

5 years before

how would i find out position plotting interval for a leg?

JUNIMAR

4 years before

In open sea, position fixing interval is 1 hour. In coastal waters (when vsl is within 12 NM from shore), for ELECTRONIC CHARTS at interval of not more than 30 minutes with cross checks in between. For PAPER CHARTS, GPS positions to be verified by using simple formula for identifying PFI in coastal water: PFI= 1/2(D) ÷ (V/60), where D is the nearest distance of the shore or obstruction along your LEG and V is the vessel SPEED or planned speed of your passage.

Moh

5 years before

Please in my deck logbook there is method to get position by obs or ac'nt Please can you explain what is the meaning of ac'nt

Dhananjay

5 years before

Pls ezplain about lop in ecdis

Ferobe

4 years before

Thank you for sharing your knowledge

Mayank

4 years before

One thing I have noticed you have skipped the celestial fix plotting on ECDIS , would appreciate if you can explain how celestial fix was plotted on paper chart and how to do the same on an ECDIS ,so that we can co relate e.g. Longitude by Chronometer, Mer-Pass and Intercept . All 3 methods . I am using Transas Navisailor 4000 and I have no clue about it.

Shubham

4 years before

Can i take the fix using a bouy? If yes then which buoy?

pawan kumar

4 years before

Hello sir can you please tell the position plotting interval in ecdis

Alok Ranjan

4 years before

Thank you very much capt sir for ur efforts, it's really simple to understand .

Myo Min Htet

3 years before

Very appreciate for sharing your precious knowledge not only present post but also all post from MySeaTime blog. Most of comfuse things are clear after I read your post. Thank you sir.

Alan

3 years before

Sir can you pls fiil in some more info on the use of eho sounder and logs when used as a means of position fixing

Nad Rosero

3 years before

Dear sir, Thanks for sharing this knowledgeble information, one of the best idea that I/we must be learned as a seafarer. ????

Harshit

3 years before

Can someone advise can we plot position using light buoy??? If we can in which manual is it written??

Harshit

3 years before

In my previous comment I want to mention light vessel instead of light buoy..

MD. RABIUL HOSSAIN

3 years before

It is very easy and full of information that you are provided on each topics, which is very helpful for COC exam as well as for practical sea life. Tks indeed.

NEOFYTOS ADAKTYLOS

3 years before

What about DR fixes?

Levi Armstrong

3 years before

It's great that you mentioned that GPS fixes help automatically fix intervals and record the boat's position and not be over-reliant on it. My dad and brother are going on a fishing trip this weekend to the sea. I'll share this with them later. Thanks! https://wharf-marine-sales.myshopify.com/products/garmin-gpsmap-743-chartplotter-preloaded-us-canada-bahamas-bluechart-g3-lakev-g3-010-02365-01?_pos=1&_sid=581275453&_ss=r

ANEESH

3 years before

Thank You Very Much Sir. Very nicely explained all aspects of position fixing.

bahaa gad abd elmaksoud

3 years before

Thanks alot for your time and efforts Really perfect

Raul

3 years before

1. If you are in SSW how many degrees to the opposite side, and explain why and what Quadrant by applying boxing the compass? 2. Explain carefully the procedure why boxing the compass applying 11 +1/4 degrees, in order to determine and compensate by 360 degrees. 3. What is the Basic procedures to determine the object thru celestial observation and by bearing object with three methods to get the fix position. Explain? 4. 360 degrees is equal to 000 degrees north, in that location what action to be taken in order to compensate your gyro course by 315 degrees when you are turning to west and you going to locate the variation and deviation?Explain. 5. Explain what is the Latitude and Longitude and their functions? in relation to determine the fox position when you observing the bearing object thru compass especially the celestial bodies such as the sun, moon, stars, etc

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Good day everyone, I'm Christina Strickland and I want to share my story of how I was scammed for over $420,000. I met this guy online and we talked for over 8 months. He brought up some story of how he needed help with his project and I sent him money via Bitcoin atm and several bank accounts, I almost lost everything, my kids abandoned me and my family turned on me. I was depressed and left with a bad credit score after all the loans I took out for him. I came across a review online about a hacker called Cyberwall fire service and I contacted them, luckily for me, I kept all the evidence and they were able to recover all of my funds and expose these scammers. I decided to share this testimony with anyone who might be going through the same predicament I went through at the hands of these scammers. You can contact Cyberwall fire service at (cyberwallfire@techie.com) or WhatsApp at +1 (281) 209-5729. Thank you

Maria Elisabeth

2 years before

FOR RECOVERY OF STOLEN BITCOIN / CRYPTOCURRENCY , RECOVERY OF LOST FUNDS FROM SCAMMER. Have you ever been a victim of a scam? or have you lost your money to fake hackers online? I implore you to contact this trustworthy hacker and recovery expert (wizarderrick@gmail.com) /Whats’App +1 (616) 540-6244. I was a victim of fake people posing as binary options and bitcoin investors, I lost a sum of $4,000 and 2BTC from my bitcoin wallet to these fakes. It took a while before I realized they were scams and this really hurt .Then an in-law of mine heard about it and recommended to me a specialist with the address - (wizarderrick@gmail.com) /Whats’App +1 (616) 540-6244. He helped me recover my lost bitcoins in less than 72hrs and the fakes were caught and made to pay for what they did to me .if you have lost any amount to online scams and you're seeking to recover LOST FUNDS from wallet hackers, fake hackers, online dating scams, BTC wallet hack, recovery of lost funds from fake binary investors .Reach out to Wizard Errick Group Hackers to help you out.

Shirin Syed

2 years before

If you hire a qualified and experienced hacker like Nahshon Even-Chaim (PHOENIX) who deals with credit repairs, then they will help you to protect all your data. Even though a hacker cost some bucks but still it is important to have a hacker as they will prevent exploiting the computer system or network. They will easily identify the flaws in a shorter time, remove negative items as well as all hard inquiries and also improve the protection of your data/credit. And Phoenix is the best you can ever try out Contact via email: nahshonevenchaimcreditrepair@my.com #: (352) 234-6445 WhatsApp: (352) 438-8066 And be vowed at how your bad credit will become history in couple of days.

Asorehackcorp

2 years before

ASOREHACKCORP is a financial regulator, private investigation and funds recovery body. We specialize in cases as regards ETHICAL HACKING, CRYPTOCURRENCY, FAKE INVESTMENT SCHEMES and RECOVERY SCAM. No UPFRONT FEE is required. We are also experts in CREDIT REPAIR { EXUIFAX, EXPERIAN, TRANSUNION }. Contact our support team via the email address below to get started. asorehackcorp@gmail.com Stay Safe !

Theresa

2 years before

My credit score was bad and desperately in need of a loan but I won't be able to get the loan due to my credit score. I read several reviews about Frank Even-Teri Credit Repair and He help me raise my credit score to 800 in a couple of days. He remove all negative items and also got approved of mortgage loan within few days. He offers legit services such as credit repair, clearing of bad records online without being traced back to you, He clone phones, hack Facebook account, instagram, WhatsApp, emails, Twitter, bank accounts, Skype, FIXES CREDIT REPORTs, track calls. He also help retrieve accounts that have been taking by hackers. His charges are affordable and he is reliable. Want the same help? Contact frankeventericreditrepair (@) gmail (DOT) com Or @ hackfrankly on Telegram

Gina Rineheart

2 years before

Good News From Martins Blank ATM Cards And Bitcoin Investments.. Have you been trying to get a real blank ATM Card or bitcoin and it has been a problem trying to get one? Here is Martins Blank ATM Card easy and affordable to get and it can be delivered to you waiting 24hrs after you have made your order from me at: martinshackers22@gmail.com

Wayn Adams

1 year before

Hey everyone I bring to you good news.. Have been playing lottery for years now and unable to win I even came to conclusion that I won't play lottery again, last Monday I came online and I saw a post about Dr dominion spell lottery number I doubted but decided to give a last try and I reach out to him, we chatted to my greatest surprise on Thursday he cast a spell and gave me a winning number and i tried the numbers, guess what guys I won the lottery, my retired mom has be playing too and I have asked her to reach Dr dominion and I know soon she is going to win, if you want to win this lottery I will advice u reach on Dr dominion he has all it requires to make u win Email: dominionlottospelltemple@gmail.com website: https://dominionlottospell.wixsite.com/dr-dominion WhatsApp: +16574277820 Call: +12059642462

Wayn Adams

1 year before

Richard Weaver

1 year before

Desperately in need of a legitimate hacker to help you recover your lost or stolen crypto assets, spy and monitor a suspected cheating partner, website hacks, phone cloning, credit score upgrade, and many more. contact HACK MAVENS, they are the best for the job. Below is their contact information; Email: H A C K M A V E N S 5 (AT) GMAIL DOT COM Call/Text/WhatsApp: + 1 (209) 417 – 1957

Zahyn

1 year before

If you are having trust issues with your partner and need an expert hacker to help you with getting into their private messages then I will recommend that you send an Email to Mr John. He is an expert and really good at what he does. He offers legit services such as credit repair, clearing of bad records online without being traced back to you, He clone phones, hack Facebook account, instagram, WhatsApp, emails, Twitter, bank accounts, Skype, FIXES CREDIT REPORTs, track calls. He also help retrieve accounts and crypto wallet/exchanges that have been taking by hackers. His charges are affordable, reliable and 100% safe. Contact him via address @ JOHN_ASSURED_SS (AT) yahoo (DOT) com

Gina Rineheart

1 year before

Good News From Martins Blank ATM Cards And Bitcoin Investments:( martinshackers22@gmail.com ) Have you been trying to get a real blank ATM Card or bitcoin and it has been a problem trying to get one? Here is Martins Blank ATM Card easy and affordable to get and it can be delivered to you waiting 24hrs after you have made your order from me at: martinshackers22@gmail.com

roselyn moore

1 year before

My credit had been on a bad record for a long time. A number of accounts in collection status, and for a long time, I've put off doing anything about it I just want to show my appreciation to Michael calce credit services as promised for helping me fix my credit report. I had an Eviction, Judgement, Repossession and a lot of negative items on my report with a low score of 470. These prevented me from getting a mortgage until I sort for help from Michael calce. After he finished working on my report in just less than 7 days, I was asked for funds to get started with the job and I gave them the benefit of doubt and made some commitments. My fico score was moved from 470 to 815 and all the negative items were deleted from my report. Right now I have a clean profile with wonderful trade lines. In case you need their services, write via (Michaelcalcecreditservices@gmail.com)

Derek

1 year before

I had my DUI records and a few other records legitimately erased without traces. To be honest, when I was told a hacker could do that, I laughed it off. I gave it a try later as I had no choice. This pro hacker Albert Vadim literally saved me. IF YOU NEED HELP, CONTACT ALBERT ON EMAIL: Vadimwebhack@ gmail,com He just helped a cousin of mine gain access to an entire cellphone without physical access. The man is indeed a genius.

Derek

1 year before

I had my DUI records and a few other records legitimately erased without traces. To be honest, when I was told a hacker could do that, I laughed it off. I gave it a try later as I had no choice. This pro hacker Albert Vadim literally saved me. IF YOU NEED HELP, CONTACT ALBERT ON EMAIL: Vadimwebhack@gmail.com OR WHATSAPP +1 (747)225-2004 He just helped a cousin of mine gain access to an entire cellphone without physical access. The man is indeed a genius.

Maria Turk

1 year before

I rarely write reviews, but I had to for this! Because I tried several apps to help with no luck. Back then, I was very confused and always felt awful about my partner’s cheating attitude. I really wanted to track and catch him red-handed. I downloaded this app hoping it would help but I wasn’t satisfied with its features as I needed to monitor my partner closely. I then spoke with a trusted colleague of mine at work and she gave me a genuine recommendation about an ethical private investigator named Michael Calce Wizard, I wrote to his email at michaelcalcewizard78@gmail.com explaining how I wanted to have complete access to his call log, iMessage/SMS, social media activities, gallery, texts, deleted or not, his precise location day in day out. I paid for his services and in about 2-3 hours, I had complete access to his phone. I got concrete evidence. it was unbelievable to see the evidence of cheating on me. Who likes to live with a cheater, I used the evidence I got to file for a divorce. I’m thankful to Michael Calce Wizard for helping me out of my dilemma and suspicions. His services are highly rated and affordable. If you are having trust issues and need valid evidence, how about you contact michaelcalcewizard78@gmail.com. Thank you Michael Calce Wizard for an incredible job !! I highly recommend his services, simply the best. Contact : michaelcalcewizard78@gmail.com WhatsApp Number : +447534072218

Gretel Lyons

1 year before

After falling victim to fraud twice trying to recover my stolen USDT, I gave up on the possibilities of ever being able to have it recovered until Gear Head Cyber Panacea was recommended on Quora and I was very grateful to have come across the article as they recovered 85% of my stolen USDT and so I decided to share this for anyone else that might be in need of their services..you can reach them on Gearheadcyberpanacea AT gmail DOT com or check out their website GEARHEADPANACEA dot COM

Delaney M Josef

1 year before

GET RICH WITH BLANK ATM CARD, Whatsapp: +18033921735 I want to testify about Dark Web blank atm cards which can withdraw money from any atm machines around the world. I was very poor before and have no job. I saw so many testimony about how Dark Web Cyber hackers send them the atm blank card and use it to collect money in any atm machine and become rich. {DARKWEBONLINEHACKERS@GMAIL.COM} I email them also and they sent me the blank atm card. I have use it to get 500,000 dollars. withdraw the maximum of 5,000 USD daily. Dark Web is giving out the card just to help the poor. Hack and take money directly from any atm machine vault with the use of atm programmed card which runs in automatic mode. You can also contact them for the service below * Western Union/MoneyGram Transfer * Bank Transfer * PayPal / Skrill Transfer * Crypto Mining * CashApp Transfer * Bitcoin Loans * Recover Stolen/Missing Crypto/Funds/Assets Email: darkwebonlinehackers@gmail.com Text & Call or WhatsApp: +18033921735 WEBSITE: https://darkwebonlinehackers.com

Peace James

1 year before

HOW I GOT BLANK ATM/ CLONE CARDS I lost my job thing's became tough for me and my family and I decided to sort for loan companies here in the United States to take care of my kids as a single mother,but i was advised by my friend to get blank atm card instead as that is what they were using ,that was the first time i heard about such card i thought it was too good to be true because of the good features associated with the card as she has explained that i can purchase one and is a debit card which enable me hack and withdraw $5,500 daily from any atm machine without any trace, i was scared to loose my money for such a card my friend took me to the atm machine to see how she uses the card to withdraw free cash i was surprised and desperate about it immediately she withdrew with the card it was so real and realistic no stress i ordered for the lowest card through their email blankatmdeliveryxpress@gmail.com the lowest is a card of $400 that withdraws $5,500 daily for a period of 6years, this blank cards are real and not traceable when you use, it automatically disconnect the camera in the atm machine so none of your records is capture when using the card on any atm machine, I really recommend this hackers it works in the whole country of the world , you won't regret it get to them immediately Via their email blankatmdeliveryxpress@gmail.com get your blank/ clone cards deliver to you just in 3days and is payment before delivery don't be scared about that as they always deliver 100% don't miss this opportunity get yours immediately and when you see this comments, please help share so alot of people can see this and apply for this card thanks.

Peace James

1 year before

Peace James

1 year before

kate peterson

1 year before

Finally my happiness has been restored, I can't believe that my husband Court case has been dropped permanently after all that i have spent just to make sure the Court case dropped, Dr IBOZUA came from nowhere and perform this miracle in less than 2 day, i will continue sharing your good deeds, for confirmation Dr IBOZUA also cast love spell, promotion spell, and others spell, email him today dr.ibozuasolutioncenter@gmail.com or WhatsApp/call him now +2348109374702.

Mike

1 year before

MAKE MONEY EVERY DAY WITH BLANK ATM CARD. Do you need Urgent money to pay bills, school fees, buy a house or to start up a business? We offer you cloned ATM card that have up to $100,000,00. Please note: Your bank details/address are not required before you can use the card. The ATM card is programmed to dispense cash from any machine worldwide and pay you in your local currency. Your daily withdrawal can be $500 to $10,000 depending on the card option you ordered. It also works on POS and online transaction are enable. For more info on how the card works and to get proof, kindly Contact us with below details. Whatsap : +13232017253. Email us: freebl...@gmail.com Facebook Page: https://web.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100075875575566

Mike

1 year before

Gerald Muswagon

1 year before

I want to genuinely thank Dr Ayoola for making my dream come through. I was on the internet when I saw people posting and talking about Dr Ayoola. On How he has help them in winning lottery. My name is Gerald Muswagon this is my story on how I win $10 million After reading the article about Dr Ayoola I contacted him I told him to help me win lottery he respond to me by saying he will help me after working with him he assured me that I will win. Which I believe. After working with Dr Ayoola he gave me a number and ask me to go and play it which I did today I’m here shearing a testimony about this same man Dr Ayoola help me to win $10 million dollars all thanks to you Dr I will keep taking about your good because you are a man of your word I hope people that really need this will come across it for you to help them as well. If you want to win big in lottery contact Dr Ayoola today and be rest assured of winning contact him via email drayoolasolutionhome@gmail. com or https://www.facebook.com/Dr-Ayoola-105640401516053/ text or call +14809032128

mathew

1 year before

CONTACT INFO EMAIL:recoveryexperts80@gmail.com whats-app +1(562)2659318 I fell victim to this investment platform and lost over $145,000 in crypto currency, they said it was going to double my income in over a week or two turns out it was a huge scam, I couldn’t bear the loss so I contacted Oscar White through a colleague at work who used his service successfully to recover and apprehend the scammers. I contacted him and sent all proof and evidence he was the one that saw me through my situation. You can contact him recoveryexperts80@gmail.com whats-app +1(562)2659318

Sue Hank

1 year before

Losing all my money on a fake investment scam has been a nightmare for me and my family until I got in touch with Spyweb Cyber. A few months back, I was one of the many victims who lost everything to a fake BTC and crypto exchange investment platform and I was depressed for weeks until my neighbor told me about Spyweb Cyber, a cryptocurrency recovery company, that helps scam victims recover their money. I thought that was impossible but after giving it a second thought, I got in touch with Spyweb and after providing all the information they needed, my money was recovered from these scammers. I’m super grateful to Spyweb and I wish to put this out there to every victim of an online scam, you can recover whatever amount you lost if you get in touch with Spyweb Cyber Security Services. Here is their contact information (spyweb@cyberdude.com) (contact@spyweb.tech)

Bernd Beutl

1 year before

I got my blank ATM card from Digital Card Hackers Cooperation. The card has a daily withdrawal limit of $5,000 in ATM’s i order ATM card 100,000 dollar. I am extremely happy because i’ve used the card to pay all my debt. I placed an order and the card was delivered to me on the third day. I highly recommend Digital Card hackers to my friends and interested individuals who are searching for the card. Send a mail to digitacardhacker@gmail.com to apply for your card now! digitalcardhacker@proton.me

Grant Suzanne

1 year before

I can't believe I just got back all the money these investment crooks stole from me. Oh my gosh. Before I found this internet recovery group called Spyware Cyber, I had almost given up on getting my money back from these con artists. They effortlessly retrieved all of my money. I believed my life was finished despite this, I couldn't be happier than I am right now. I'm very thankful to Spyware Cyber for helping me out. Have you been scammed out of bitcoin trading? Spyware Cyber is willing to help you get back your stolen funds. Contact them via the information below. URL : https://cybegal.com spyware@cybergal.com contact@cybegal.com +19892640381

brooks miller

1 year before

It has been so great and I really want to say thanks to those people out there who were kind enough to share genuine testimonies about how they actually got all their problems solved one time. It was awesome the day I came across a testimony shared by a wonderful lady about getting several help from KEVIN POULSEN CYBERSERVICES I never believed he would have my derogatory mark removed and increase my score from 532 to 815 across the three major bureaus within 72hours I was amazed. They are fast and reliable. I strongly recommend KEVINPOULSENCYBERSERVICES@GMAIL.COM to you reading this. One thing I like so much is that, they were able to achieve it all Don't hesitate to contact them and get your report fixed

Bernd Beutl

1 year before

Joyce Dole

1 year before

I was a victim of a cryptocurrency investment scam and I lost 879,000 USD to a fake cryptocurrency investment platform. A few months ago, I was contacted by a forex trader to invest in his platform hoping I would make huge profits from my investments, this went on for some time and when it was time to withdraw my investments, I was logged out and I couldn’t access my Bitstockxchange account, I contacted them and they requested I pay 20% before I could access my wallet. I had invested all my retirement and life savings into this platform and was depressed for months until a friend of mine told me about Spyweb, a reputable and trustworthy recovery company that can help me recover my money, I sent an email to Spyweb cyber and they requested for some information, this company did a thorough investigation and was able to recover everything I lost, I’m truly grateful to Spyweb Cyber and I wish to recommend them to everyone who needs their services. Spyweb Cyber has a 100% recovery rate and has truly changed the lives of so many victims of cryptocurrency scams. You can reach them via Email:spyweb@cyberdude.com Email:contact@spyweb.tech

Jimmy Wheeler

1 year before

Hello everyone, I’m Jimmy Wheeler from Sydney, Australia. I’m 64 years old and I own a Carwash business. A few months back, I invested 390,000 AUD worth of Bitcoins & Ethereum into the cryptocurrency platform CryptoXStock and later found out this platform is a scam and has defrauded other people including myself of our money. I fell sick and was in the hospital depressed for weeks. I got in touch with the authorities and there was nothing they could do to help me get back my money until I saw an article online about Spyweb Cyber Service, a cyber security expert who has tremendous reviews of how they have helped victims of internet scam to recover their money, I didn’t hesitate to contact them and provided all the information they needed. To my surprise, Spyweb was able to recover my money and trace down those scammers in less than 72 hours. I’m truly grateful for the services of Spyweb Cyber and I’m recommending them to every victim of an internet scam who wishes to recover their money. Reach Spyweb Cyber Service via E-Mail:spyweb@cyberdude.com (Email:contact@spyweb.tech)

Rachel Ayres

1 year before

How to Recover Stolen Cryptocurrencies And Stolen Bitcoin After falling victim to a cryptocurrency investment scam, my family and I were left with nothing after these swindlers stole $205,000 in USDT and Bitcoins from us. We were so lucky to come across a post about RecoveryMasters, a cryptocurrency and funds recovery Hackers with plenty of experience in cybersecurity. RecoveryMasters was able to recover all of our funds, and with the information we provided, they were tracked down and reported to the appropriate authorities. I highly recommend RecoveryMasters for your cryptocurrency recovery. l will always recommend RECOVERY MASTERS Visite Website https://recoverymasters.wixsite.com/recoverymaster Contact them on Email: (Recoverymasters@emails.cz) or whatsapp +1(551) 202-23-35

Neil Beverly

1 year before

Earlier this year, I lost almost $100,000 after falling for a binary options scam that promised a significant return. I opened an account with them after they successfully persuaded me to do so. I committed an additional $90,000 after receiving a 100% bonus guarantee. They advised me to invest more in order to unlock several rights, including the ability to withdraw funds. When it was time for me to make a withdrawal from my trading account, it failed to work and they requested an additional $20,000 from me. This was when I realised that I have been dealing with scammers. I was depressed for more than a week. Luckily I read an article about Wizard Web Recovery, an expert and genius recovery team and after much debate and reflection, I approached them to ask for help. My stolen assets were recovered and returned with the aid of Wizard Web Recovery. Now that I am aware that many individuals in our community have been manipulated and require assistance, I appreciate Wizard Web Recovery for their excellent job. I am optimistic that they can assist you too. Hurry up and reach out to them for help you if you have ever experienced a cryptocurrency scam. wizardwebrecovery(@)programmer(.)net / +1 (917) 725-3296

edward caldwell

1 year before

I tried to fix my credit sometime ago and for some reasons I had to back out. My score decreased to low 430 and after I came across GARY MCKINNON CREDITSERVICES on a blog and decided to fix my credit with him,I got in touch with him and explained my situation to him and within 72hours he deleted all bad report on my profile and increased my score across all 3 major bureaus from 430 to 815 excellent shoot, all credit card outstanding debts paid off . I’m Grateful to him I was so amazed and it didn’t cost me too much really. I implore you to contact him on for all credit issues and hacking issues. No doubt that he’s the best out there and your problems will be solved! Via Mail GARYMCKINNONCREDITSERVICES@GMAIL.COM

shirlee

1 year before

INSTEAD OF GETTING A LOAN, CHECK OUT THE BLANK ATM CARD IN LESS THAN 24hours {oscarwhitehackersworld@gmail.com} I want to testify about OSCAR WHITE blank ATM cards which can withdraw money from any ATM machines around the world. I was very poor before and have no hope then I saw so many testimony about how OSCAR WHITE send them the blank ATM card and i use it to collect money in any ATM machine and become rich. I also email him and he sent me the blank card. I have use it to get $100,000 dollars. withdraw the maximum of $5,000 daily.OSCAR WHITE is giving out the card just to help the poor. Hack and take money directly from any ATM Machine Vault with the use of ATM Programmed Card which runs in automatic mode. Contact him for various types of hacking on: *Blank atm cards *Recover bitcoin wallets *Recover stolen or lost bitcoin. *and other hacking services via: oscarwhitehackersworld@gmail.com TEXT/whats-app +1(510)-777-9243

shirlee

1 year before

Grayson Park

1 year before

YES IT IS POSSIBLE TO RECOVER YOUR LOST BITCOINS IF YOU ARE WONDERING. Before I found the contact of this genius Arthur Vitali (Quickarturhack@ gmail. com) I was suicidal. I lost my entire savings to an online scam investment platform, almost lost my marriage. Over $87,000 worth of bitcoins invested and lost. These scammers promised me 10% increase every week on any amount invested. At first, they kept to their words I had no idea it was only to fool me into investing a huge amount which I eventually did and they vanished. I was depressed, my marriage was crashing all because of my mistake. A friend of mine from St. Petersburg who knew what I was going through hooked me up with Arthur. This man literally saved my life. He went out of his way to recover over 80 of my money and tracked the location of the scammers. Nobody deserves to loose their hard earned money too lazy scammers. IF YOU NEED HELP, TALK TO ALBER VIA EMAIL: Quickarturhack@ gmail. com Arthur also helped a friend of mine boost her credit score from low 500s to over 860 in less than a week. He offers a lot other services like -phone hack -GPS tracking -expunging criminal records and a lot others

Meg Blunt

1 year before

Best Crypto Recovery's Experts/RecoveryMasters My experience of online scamming took seconds and cost me thousands. I was fooled by a YouTube video that convinced me that I could make a killing in Crypto, and the minute I clicked the link and deposited funds, I knew something was up, but it was too late. I worked with Recovery Masters, and they were so helpful and supportive, and in the end, it took a few days, I got almost all of the money back. It wouldn't have been possible for me to meet up economically because I almost invested all my money but all thanks to RecoveryMasters with their genius effort to help me recover my already stolen currency. Please ensure also to consult if you need such help: RecoveryMasters via email: (recoverymasters@email.cz) or whatsapp +1(551) 202-23-35

Juliana

1 year before

Recovering lost Bitcoin can require unique hacking skills and expertise that are possessed by only a handful of professional hackers. While there are many recovery websites out there, it's important to be cautious as 99% of them are operated by scammers who try to appear legitimate. Instead, it's best to seek out a trusted hacker like Genuine Hackers who can help you recover your funds. They were able to recover $100k worth of BTC that I had lost to bitcoin mining. To get in touch with Genuine Hackers, you can email them at GENUINEHACKERS000@GMAIL.COM or message them on WhatsApp at +1 (260) 218-3592.

Juliana

1 year before

Arthur

1 year before

CryptoCurrency RecoveryMasters: Hello People, I'm Arthur. I highly recommend this fair service, Recovery Masters they did a fantastic job at recovering my life savings which got stolen by Investment machinary a fake cryptocurrency investment company. I had a stressful situation going on and Recovery Masters were so patient with me and did help me through. The staff is so legit and encouraging, not just classifying the problem and charging not without good response. I must recommend the Recovery Masters for a Job well done . If you are ever in need of such service, Contact RECOVERY MASTERS via: E,mail: (recoverymasters@email.cz)

Greg

1 year before

Trust me there are a lot of things a good hacker can help you achieve. I never imagined it was nearly possible that someone could move my credit score from 520 to 860 within 5 working days. Trust me I contacted this hacker Albert Vadim reluctantly because I had ran out of options. Within 5 days my life literally changed. I was granted loan, I moved my family to a beautiful house, I am grateful. IF YOU NEED HELP, CONTACT ALBERT VADIM VIA EMAIL: Vadimwebhack@ gmail. com Just a few days back, he helped a friend of mine based in Seattle clear his criminal records permanently. After so many years of been denied job opportunities because of his records, he now has a 100 percentage chance of getting a great job.

Lucy Antoine

1 year before

It’s an unfortunate situation when you lose access to your Bitcoin wallet. I was very happy when WARDRIVERS was able to recover my wallet and grant me access to my bitcoins and USDT. WARDRIVERS is a funds recovery company and has helped thousands of others recover their lost and stolen bitcoins and cryptos. I was one of the victims of cryptocurrency fraud and I’m really glad I was able to recover everything with the help of WARDRIVERS. I highly commend their service and want to recommend them to everyone out there. WARDRIVERS can be contacted via E-mail: (WARDRIVERSCYBERSERVICE@TECHIE . COM)

Frank Denton

1 year before

The feds really got to do something about this crypto investment scam that is now growing fast within our communities . In 2020 when the pandemic first hit hard , I tried earning remotely and it ended up bad for me , I was never a fan of any online investment , but I guess the pandemic made me have a change of heart on how I felt about it all . I have a family I need to sustain also , all this was rushing through my mind then and I didn’t get to make a proper research on the company I was about investing with , normally the trade takes 14 days to mature before you could take out your money or choose to reinvest . I was able to withdraw my profits when the first trade was completed , and I reinvested again the second time and was able to withdraw again after the trade was completed , the third time was when I started having issues with the withdrawal, I tried several times but all to no avail , I almost lost my sense of reasoning then because losing my money to any scam was my biggest fear and it later happened , at that point I was so devastated, imagine losing $120,000 in a middle of a pandemic. Days went by and still same withdrawal issues, I had no other option at that point than to reach out for help from KNIGHTHOODBOT RECOVERY SERVICES , I read about them on Facebook, 3 days into the recovery process and my funds was withdrawn back into the wallet I provided them with . I was so happy then and promised myself never to participate in any online investment again . Don’t let this scammers get away with their evil deeds , contact email : KNIGHTHOODBOT @ g ma il . Com . Telegram : Knighthoodbot9

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